Perm University Herald. Juridical Sciences. 2022. Issue 3 (57)

V. G. Golubtsov, Perm State University

DOI: 10.17072/1995-4190-2017-38-474-483
DOI: 10.17072/1995-4190-2018-41-396-419
DOI: 10.17072/1995-4190-2019-45-484-513
DOI: 10.17072/1995-4190-2020-48-248-273

O. A. Kuznetsova, Perm State University, Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia

Introduction: the article studies the typology of legal temporality. The changes, evolution, improvement of legal regulation of social relations objectively entail the problem of temporality of legal norms. Consequently, there arise issues of maximum protection for the participants in legal relations, of fair restoration of violated rights in a situation of legislative changes. Purpose: to describe the use of different types of law operation in time (prospective, retroactive, and ultra-active operation). Methods: the study was conducted on the basis of the general philosophical dialectical approach; a system of general scientific and special legal methods was used. The formal dogmatic method and the method of legal interpretation made it possible to clarify the content of the legislative rules on the operation of the law in time. The types of legal norms' operation in time were identified as a result of combining the legal modeling method and a mental legal experiment. Results: the prospective and immediate effects of legal norms coincide in content and should be treated as identical. The application of the legal norms' re- troactivity is fundamentally different in the branches of public and private law. In private law relations, based on equality of participants, retroactivity of law does not apply to a new law improving the legal status of the legal relationship participants. Due to the absence of both doctrinal and law enforcement certainty regarding the understanding of the rights and obligations arising from, but later than, a relationship, the legislator should define as accurately as possible which rights and obligations fall under the ultra-active operation of an old law and which ones – under the prospective operation of a new law.

1. Alekseev S. S. Obshchaya teoriya prava [General Theory of Law: in 2 vols.]. Moscow, 1982. Vol. 2. 360 p. (In Russ.).
2. Bakhrakh D. N. Deystvie norm prava vo vremeni. Teoriya, zakonodatel'stvo, sudebnaya praktika [The Operation of Legal Norms in Time. Theory, Legislation, Judicial Practice]. Moscow, 2004. 224 p. (In Russ.).
3. Bakhrakh D. N. Konstitutsiya RF, KoAP, UK, UPK, NK, GK RF o deystvii vo vremeni norm, reguliruyushchikh yuridicheskuyu otvetstvennost' [The Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Code of Administrative Offenses, the Criminal
Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Tax Code, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the Operation in Time of Norms Regulating Legal Liability]. Tamozhennoe delo – Customs Affairs. 2008. Issue 3. Pp. 15–21. (In Russ.).
4. Belyaeva O. A. Likbez po 44-FZ [Eliminating Illiteracy with Regard to 44-FZ]. Konkurentsiya i pravo – Competition and Law. 2014. Issue 5. Pp. 58–60. (In Russ.).
5. Boshno S. V. Obratnaya sila zakona: obshchie pravila i predely dopustimosti [The Retroactive Force of Law: General Rules and Limits of Admissibility]. Yurist – Jurist. 2008. Issue 5. Pp. 51–55. (In Russ.).
6. Gavrilov E. Deystvie vo vremeni grazhdanskogo zakonodatel'stva, kasayushchegosya intellektual'nykh prav [The Operation in Time of Civil Legislation Concerning Intellectual Property Rights]. Khozyaystvo i pravo – Economy and Law. 2012. Issue 5. Pp. 74–84. (In Russ.).
7. Gadzhiev G. Printsipy prava i pravo iz printsipov [Principles of Law and Law of Principles]. Sravnitel'noe konstitutsionnoe obozrenie – Comparative Constitutional Review. 2008. Issue 2 (63). Pp. 22–45. (In Russ.).
8. Golubtsov V. G. Primenenie grazhdanskogo protsessual'nogo zakona vo vremeni [The Operation of Civil Procedural Law in Time]. Vestnik grazhdanskogo protsessa – Herald of Civ- il Procedure. 2021. Issue 3. Pp. 132–152. (In Russ.).
9. Grishaev S. P., Bogacheva T. V., Svit Yu. P. Postateynyy kommentariy k Grazhdanskomu kodeksu Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Chast' pervaya [Article-by-Article Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part One]. 2019. Access from the legal reference system 'ConsultantPlus'. (In Russ.).
10. Ershova E. A. Trudovye pravootnosheniya gosudarstvennykh grazhdanskikh i munitsipal'nyh sluzhashchikh v Rossii [Labor Relations of State Civil and Municipal Employees in Russia]. Moscow, 2008. 668 p. (In Russ.).
11. Karapetov A. G. Zakonnye protsenty v sootvetstvii so stat'ey 317.1 GK RF [Legal Interest in Accordance with Article 317.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation]. Vestnik ekonomi- Голубцов В. Г., Кузнецова О. А. 370 cheskogo pravosudiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii – Herald of Economic Justice. 2015. Issue 10. Pp. 154–176. (In Russ.).
12. Kommentariy k Grazhdanskomu kodeksu Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Chast' pervaya: uchebnoprakticheskiy kommentariy (postateynyy) [Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part One: Training and Practical Commentary (article-by-article)]. Ed. by A. P. Sergeev. Moscow, 2010. 912 p. (In Russ.).
13. Kommentariy k Grazhdanskomu kodeksu Rossiskoy Federatsii. Chast' pervaya ot 30 noyabrya 1994 g. № 51-FZ (postateynyy) [Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part One of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ (article-by-article)]. Authors: N. A. Ageshkina, N. A. Barinov, E. A. Bevzyuk, M. A. Belyaev, A. B. Bel'yanskaya, T. A. Biryukova, Yu. N. Vakhrusheva, Ya. S. Grishina, R. Yu. Zakirov, O. A. Kozhevnikov, A. V. Kop'ev, T. A. Kukharenko, A. P. Morozov, S. Yu. Morozov, M. M. Serebrennikov, E. G. Shadrina. 2016. Prepared for the legal reference system 'ConsultantPlus'. (In Russ.).
14. Kopylov D. G. Isklyucheniya iz pravila o napravlenii obyazatel'nogo predlozheniya [Exceptions to the Mandatory Offer Rule]. Vestnik ekonomicheskogo pravosudiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii – Herald of Economic Justice. 2019. Issue 12. Pp. 28–67. (In Russ.).
15. Krasheninnikov P. V. Nasledstvennoe pravo [Inheritance Law]. Moscow, 2018. 288 p. (In Russ.).
16. Kuznetsova O. A. Temporal'noe deystvie aktov, soderzhashchikh normy grazhdanskogo prava [Temporal Operation of Acts Containing Civil Law Norms]. Grazhdanskiy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii: 25 let deystviya [The Civil Code of the Russian Federation: 25 Years in Force]. Ed. by B. M. Gongalo. Yekaterinburg, 2019. Pp. 167–184. (In Russ.).
17. Novoselova L. A. O sfere deystviya stat'i 422 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa [On the Scope of Article 422 of the Civil Code]. Grazhdanskoe pravo sovremennoy Rossii [Civil Law of Modern Russia]. Comp. by O. M. Kozyr, A. L. Makovskiy. Moscow, 2008. Pp. 142–155. (In Russ.).
18. Presnyakov M. V. Konstitutsionnaya kontsepstiya printsipa spravedlivosti [Constitutional Concept of the Principle of Justice]. Ed. by G. N. Komkova. Moscow, 2009. 384 p. (In Russ.).
19. Rasskazova N. Yu. Deystvie aktov grazhdanskogo zakonodatel'stva vo vremeni [The Operation of Acts of Civil Legislation in Time]. Arbi- trazhnye spory – Commercial Disputes. 2019. Issue 2 (86). Pp. 31–52. (In Russ.).
20. Rossiyskoe grazhdanskoe pravo: uchebnik [Russian Civil Law: Textbook: in 2 vols.]. Ed. by E. A. Sukhanov. Moscow, 2011. Vol. 1. 958 p. (In Russ.).
21. Tille A. A. Vremya, prostranstvo, zakon [Time, Space, Law]. Moscow, 1956. 203 p. (In Russ.).
22. Tuzov D. O. Teoriya nedeystvitel'nostisdelok: opyt rossiyskogo prava v kontekste evropeyskoy pravovoy traditsii [The Theory of Invalidity of Transactions: the Experience of Russian Law in the Context of the European Legal Tradition]. Moscow, 2007. 602 p. (In Russ.).
23. Urukov V. N. Prekrashchenie odnazhdy priobretennogo grazhdanskogo prava: otdel'nye voprosy teorii i praktiki [Termination of a Once Acquired Civil Right: Some Issues of Theory and Practice]. Vestnik arbitrazhnoy praktiki – Bulletin of Commercial Court Practice. 2019. Issue 4. Pp. 15–27. (In Russ.).
24. Hegel's Philosophy of Right. Transl. by T. M. Knox. London: Oxford University Press, 1949. 383 p. (In Eng.).
25. Klatt M. Balancing Rights and Interests: Reconstructing the Asymmetry Thesis. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 2021. Vol. 41. Issue 2. Pp. 321–347. Available at: 10.1093/ojls/gqaa051. (In Eng.).
26. Schauer F. Law's Boundaries. Harvard Law Review. 2017. Vol. 130. Issue 9. Pp. 2434– 2462. (In Eng.).
27. Bikelis S. Modeling the Patterns of Civil Confiscation: Balancing Effectiveness, Proportionality and the Right to Be Presumed Innocent. Baltic Journal of Law & Politics. 2020. Vol. 13. Issue 2. Pp. 24–48. DOI: 10.2478/bjlp-2020-0010. (In Eng.).
28. Fuller L. L. The Morality of Law. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1964. 202 p. (In Eng.).
29. Lee T. R., Mouritsen S. C. Judging Ordinary Meaning. The Yale Law Journal. 2018. Vol. 127. Issue 4. Pp. 788–879. (In Eng.).

The reported study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation, No. 22-28-01576