Perm University Herald. Juridical Sciences. 2022. Issue 2 (56)

O. A. Zaytsev, Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation

DOI: 10.17223/22253513/32/1
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13397-9_7
DOI: 10.17223/15617793/436/27
DOI: 10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(6).914-924
DOI: 10.31085/2310-8681-2018-2-66-69
DOI: 10.7596/taksad.v7i4.183
DOI: 10.32861/jssr.spi1.183.186
DOI: 10.31085/2310-8681-2018-2-25-31
DOI: 10.17223/15617793/424/27
DOI: 10.14505/jarle.v7.6(20).35
DOI: 10.17072/1995-4190-2019-46-752-777

P. S. Pastukhov, Perm State University, Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia

Introduction: the article examines how the ongoing digital transformation of society is manifested in the field of criminal procedure relations, digitalization of forensic activities. The authors substantiate the prospective possibilities of detecting and investigating crimes using the digital profile of an individual. The digital profile consists of the registration data of subjects and objects in the digital system of legal relations, biometric personal data, digital identifiers of the individual and the terminal equipment, information systems, computer networks. The paper analyzes the evolution of the concepts ‘profile,’ ‘profiling,’ ‘digital profile’ and their use in the context of crime detection and investigation. The authors offer a classification of identifiers that constitute the methodological, informational, technological basis of the digital profile. The study shows the significance of electronic interaction of investigation bodies with the subjects of information technology systems in obtaining evidentiary information concerning pre-criminal, criminal, and post-criminal information about the person who has committed a crime based on the digital profile data. Purpose: in the context of information society and widespread dissemination of digital information about life and legally significant actions of a person, investigating authorities should use the scientific organization of labor in collecting evidentiary information in criminal cases. The paper aims to substantiate the special role of the digital profile as ensuring a change in the paradigm of proof, as accelerating the formation of a modern information-technological strategy of investigation and introduction of electronic evidence and electronic document management in criminal proceedings. Methods: general scientific methods (dialectic, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization) and special scientific methods (comparative-legal, technical-legal). Results: the authors have analyzed the existing information legislation, the positions of scientists on the potential of digital technologies, information systems, computer networks, digital platforms, artificial intelligence, and neural networks. The analysis indicates the need to optimize the practice of proving in criminal cases using digital profiles and modern information infrastructure, i.e. the need to switch to a new information-technological strategy of crime investigation. The paper offers a new approach to the electronic interaction of the preliminary investigation bodies with the subjects of information technology systems aimed at creating a ‘search’ portrait of a suspect by obtaining digital data about the person and the circumstances of the crime. Conclusions: it is necessary to develop a new investigation strategy as preliminary investigation requires modernization based on the information and technological development of society. The archaic forms and methods of gathering evidence do not correspond to the principles of scientific organization of criminal procedure with regard to collection of evidence already accumulated in the modern infrastructure of all video surveillance systems, databases, cellular networks, banking, payment, and other information systems. The experience of other states shows that the use of the results of criminal intelligence operations organized in a new way, the introduction of electronic document management and online interaction with subjects of information technology systems can dramatically optimize preliminary investigation.

1. Anisimova N. N. Osobennosti vizual'noy psikhodiagnostiki lichnosti terrorista. Obnaruzhenie kriminal'nogo iskazheniya informatsii: uchebno-metodicheskoe posobie [Features of Visual Psychodiagnostics of a Terrorist's Personality. Detection of Criminal Misrepresentation of Information: study guide]. Ed. by Yu. N. Demidova. 2nd ed., rev. Domodedovo, 2007. 78 p. (In Russ.).
2. Verenikina N. A. Profayling kak sredstvo raskrytiya i rassledovaniya prestupleniy [Profiling as a Means of Detecting and Investigating Crimes]. Aktual'nye problemy rossiyskogo prava – Actual Problems of Russian Law. 2017. Issue 9 (82). Pp. 203–209. (In Russ.).
3. Vekhov V. B., Pastukhov P. S. Iskusst-vennyy intellekt v reshenii kriminalisticheskikh zadach [Artificial Intelligence in Solving Forensic Problems]. Gosudarstvennoe i munitsipal'noe uprav¬lenie v Rossii: sostoyanie, problemy i perspek¬tivy: materialy Vserossiyskoy nauchno-prak¬ticheskoy konferentsii, g. Perm', 12 noyabrya 2020 g.: sbornik statey [State and Municipal Management in Russia: State, Problems and Prospects: Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific-Practical Conference, Perm, 2020, November 12: Collected Articles]. Perm, 2019. Pp. 8–16. (In Russ.).
4. Enikolopov S. N., Li N. A. Psikholo¬gi-ches¬kie osobennosti kriminal'nogo profaylinga [Psychological Features of Criminal Profiling]. Psikhologicheskaya nauka i obrazovanie – Psychological Science and Education. 2007. Vol. 12. Issue 5. Pp. 295–299. (In Russ.).
5. Zaytsev O. A., Pastukhov P. S. Formirovanie novoy strategii rassledovaniya prestupleniy v epokhu tsifrovoy transformatsii [Formation of a New Strategy for Crime Investigation in the Era of Digital Transformation]. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Juridicheskie nauki – Perm University Herald. Juridical Sciences. 2019. Issue 4 (46). Pp. 752–777. (In Russ.).
6. Ispol'zovanie iskusstvennogo intellekta pri vyyavlenii, raskrytii, rassledovanii prestupleniy i rassmotrenii ugolovnykh del v sude [The Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Detection, Disclosure, Investigation of Crimes and Criminal Trials in Court: monograph]. D. V. Bakhteev, E. A. Bug¬la¬e¬va, A. I. Zazulin et al. Moscow, 2022. 216 p. (In Russ.).
7. Lazareva V. A. Dokazyvanie v ugolov-nom protsesse: uchebnik dlya bakalavriata i magistratury [Proof in Criminal Procedure: textbook for Bachelor's and Master's degrees]. 7th ed., rev. and exp. Moscow, 2019. 263 p. (In Russ.).
8. Foygel' E. I. O ponyatii poiskovo-krimi-nalisticheskogo profilya neizvestnogo prestupnika [On the Concept of a Search and Forensic Profile of an Unknown Criminal]. Prolog: zhurnal o prave – Prologue: Law Journal. 2016. Issue 4. Pp. 52–55. (In Russ.).
9. Sharov V. I. Formalizatsiya v kriminalistike. Voprosy teorii i metodologii kriminalisticheskogo issledovaniya: avtoref. dis. ... d-ra jurid. nauk [Formalization in Criminalistics. Questions of the Theory and Methodology of Forensic Research: Synopsis of Dr. jurid. sci. diss.]. Nizhny Novgorod, 2003. 56 p. (In Russ.).
10. Zaytsev O. A., Pastukhov P. S., Fadeeva M. Y., Perekrestov V. N. Artificial Intelligence as a New IT Means of Solving and Investigating Crimes. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. 2021. Vol. 155. Pp. 1266–1273. (In Eng.).
11. Kipfer B. A. Word Nerd: More than 17,000 Fascinating Facts about Words. 576 p. Available at: https://books.google.ru/books?id. (In Eng.).
12. Canter D. Series Preface. Profiling in Policy and Practice. Ed. by D. Canter, L. Alison. 1999. (In Eng.).
13. Lippman M. R. Criminal Procedure. SAGE Publications, 2014. 110 p. (In Eng.).
14. Zaytsev O. A., Pastukhov P. S., Solovyeva N. A. The Legal and Informational-Technological Regime of Access to the Secret Protected by the Law at an Initial Stage of Investigation. Ubiquitous Computing and the Internet of Things: Prerequisites for the Development of ICT / ed. by E. G. Popkova. Studies in Computational Intelligence. 2019. Vol. 826. Pp. 59–66. (In Eng.).
15. Petherick W. A., Turvey B. E. Criminal Profiling: Science, Logic, and Cognition.
Turvey B. E. Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Analysis. 4th ed. 2012. 168 р.
(In Eng.).
16. Worrall J. L. Criminal Procedure: from First Contact to Appeal. 4th ed. Pearson, 2012. 535 p. (In Eng.).

---