Perm University Herald. Juridical Sciences. 2017. Issue 3 (37)

A. V. Zakharkina,
Perm State University

AnnaVladimirovna
This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s6p107
10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.30.10.14149

Introduction: one of the urgent tasks of the civil law science is developing a new approach to understanding the fundamental civil law categories, comprising the “civil circulation” among others. Purpose: to develop the author’s novel approach to the category of civil circulation, which includes the semantic meaning of the “circulation” category, to provide a review of doctrinal approaches to understanding the “civil circulation” term, to define the normative meaning of this term, the objective and subjective composition of the civil circulation, and to clarify its content. Methods: the following methods were used: general scientific dialectical method, universal scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, abstracting, concrete-historical method, structural functional method, formal-logical method, structured system method), specific juridical methods (comparative law method, system interpretation method). Results: civil circulation is distinguished from pro­perty circulation due to the principles that underlie the functioning of civil law relations – permissive rule, equality, autonomy of the will, inviolability of property, and other private law principles. At the same time, in terms of the legal essence, civil circulation, unlike property circulation, represents the circulation of civil rights to objects, and not the circulation of objects themselves. Conclusions: from the perspective of the dogmatic approach, the “civil circulation” term can be used mainly in two meanings – narrow and broad ones. In the narrow sense, civil circulation means a complex of cases when the civil right holder changes, whereas in its broad sense, the term also includes other willful acts of regulatory nature.

1. Alekseev S. S. Predmet sovetskogo grazhdan¬skogo prava i metod grazhdansko-pravovogo regulirovaniya [The Subject of Soviet Civil Law and Method of Civil Law Regulation]. Uchenye trudy Sverdlovskogo juridicheskogo instituta – Proceedings of Sverdlovsk Law Institute. Sverdlovsk, 1970. Vol. 1. 336 p. (In Russ.).
2. Astakhova M. A. Oborot v grazhdanskom prave: ponyatie, struktura, raznovidnosti [Circulation in Civil Law: Concept, Structure and Kinds]. Byulleten' notarial'noy praktiki – Bulletin of Notary Practice. 2006. Vol. 4. Pp. 2–6. (In Russ.).
3. Belov V. A. Ob'ekt sub'ektivnogo grazhdan-skogo prava, ob'ekt grazhdanskogo pravootnosheniya i ob'ekt grazhdanskogo oborota: soderzhanie i sootnoshenie ponyatiy [The Object of Subjective Civil Right, the Object of Civil Law Relationship and the Object of Civil Circulation: the Content and Correlation of the Concepts]. Ob'ekty grazhdanskogo oborota: Sbornik statey – Objects of Civil Circulation: Collection of Articles. Moscow, 2007. Pp. 6–77. (In Russ.).
4. Belov V. A. Otchuzhdenie i priobretenie po rossiyskomu Grazhdanskomu kodeksu (ponyatiyno-terminologicheskaya storona voprosa) [The Alienation and Acquisition under the Russian Civil Code (Terminological Aspect)]. Zakonodatel'stvo – Legislation. 2006. Issue 7. Pp. 8–19. (In Russ.).
5. Bratus' S. N. O ponyatii grazhdanskogo oborota v sovetskom grazhdanskom prave (doklad na zasedanii Sektora grazhdanskogo prava Vsesoyuznogo instituta yuridicheskih nauk) [On the Concept of Civil Circulation in the Soviet Civil Law (Report at the Meeting of the Civil Law Sector of the All-Union Institute of Legal Sciences)]. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo – Soviet State and Law. 1949. Issue 11. P. 71. (In Russ.).
6. Venediktov A.V. Pravovaya priroda gosudarstvennykh predpriyatiy [Legal Nature of State Enterprises]. Leningrad, 1928. 463 p. (In Russ.).
7. Vinichenko Yu. V. "Grazhdanskiy oborot": podkhody k ponimaniyu i ikh traktovka v rossiyskoy tsivilistike ["Civil Circulation": Approaches to Understanding and Their Interpretation in the Russian Civil Law]. Biznes. Obrazovanie. Pravo. Vestnik Volgogradskogo instituta biznesa – Business. Education. Law. Bulletin of the Volgograd Business Institute. 2016. Issue 1(34). Pp. 195–201. (In Russ.).
8. Vinichenko Yu. V. Kategoriya "grazhdanskiy oborot" v chastnom prave Rossii i inykh post¬sovetskikh gosudarstv [The Category of "Civil Circulation" in Private Law of Russia and Other Post-Soviet States]. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Juridicheskie nauki – Perm University Herald. Juridical Sciences. 2015. Issue 4. Pp. 34–46. (In Russ.).
9. Gambarov Yu. S. Kurs grazhdanskogo prava [The Course of Civil Law]. St. Petersburg, 1911. Vol. 1. 793 p. (In Russ.).
10. Goloviznin A. V. Grazhdansko-pravovoe regulirovanie oborota kul'turnykh tsennostey: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. [Civil Law Regulation of Cultural Property Circulation: Cand. of jurid. sci. diss.]. Ekaterinburg, 2006. 226 p. (In Russ.).
11. Dozortsev A. V. Ob'ekty prava gosudarstvennoy sotsialisticheskoy sobstvennosti i ikh klassifikatsiya [The Objects of State Socialist Property Right and Their Classification]. Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo – Soviet State and Law. 1949. Issue 1. Pp. 55–63. (In Russ.).
12. Evstaf'eva I. V. Pravovoe regulirovanie mezh¬dunarodnogo oborota imushhestvennykh avtor¬skikh prav: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. [Legal Regulation of International Circulation of Proprietary Rights: Cand. of jurid. sci. diss.]. Saratov, 2012. 208 p. (In Russ.).
13. Karadzhe-Iskrov N. P. Publichnye veshchi [Public Things]. Vol. 1. Irkutsk, 1927. 80 p. (In Russ.).
14. Kerimov D. A. Metodologiya prava: Predmet, funktsii, problemy filosofii prava [Methodology of Law: Subject, Functions, Problems of the Philosophy of Law]. Moscow, 2009. 521 p. (In Russ.).
15. Krasavchikov O. A. Sovetskiy grazhdanskiy oborot (ponyatie i osnovnye zven'ya) [The Soviet Civil Circulation (the Concept and Main Elements)]. Voprosy grazhdanskogo, trudovogo prava i grazhdanskogo protsessa. Uchenye zapiski SJuI – Issues of Civil Law, Labor Law and Civil Procedure. Proceedings of Sverdlovsk Law Institute. Vol. V. Moscow, 1957. Pp. 3–27. (In Russ.).
16. Marx K., Engels F. Sochineniya [Collected Works]. Moscow, 1960. Vol. 17. Pp. 95–96. (In Russ.).
17. Petrushkin V. A. Sistemnyy analiz grazhdansko-pravovoy modeli oborota nedvizhimosti: problemy teorii i praktiki: dis. ... d-ra yurid. nauk [System Analysis of the Civil Law Model of the Property Circulation: Problems of Theory and Practice: Dr. of jurid. sci. diss.]. Moscow, 2014. 417 p. (In Russ.).
18. Poluyakhtov I. A. Grazhdanskiy oborot imu-shchestvennykh prav: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk [Civil Circulation of Property Rights: Cand. of jurid. sci. diss.]. Ekaterinburg, 2002. 183 p. (In Russ.).
19. Rossiyskoe grazhdanskoe pravo: uchebnik / V. V. Vitryanskiy, V. S. Em, N. V. Kozlova i dr. [Russian Civil Law: Textbook]. Moscow, 2011. Vol. 2. Obyazatel'stvennoe pravo [Law of Obligation]. 1208 p. (In Russ.).
20. Rudenko A. V. O ponyatii "grazhdanskiy oborot" [On the Concept of Civil Circulation].
Aktual'nye problemy pravovedeniya – Actual Problems of Jurisprudence. Samara, 2003.
Issue 3(6). Pp. 106–109. (In Russ.).
21. Sklovskij K. I. Mekhanizm perekhoda prava i posledstviya tsessii [Mechanism of the Devolution and the Consequences of Assignment]. Hozyaystvo i pravo – Business and Law. 2002.
Issue 2. Pp. 60–67. (In Russ.).
22. Tarkhov V. A. Grazhdanskoe pravo. Obshchaya chast' [Civil Law. The General Part]. Ufa, 1998. 330 p. (In Russ.).
23. Tuktarov Yu. E. Imushhestvennye prava kak ob"¬ekty grazhdansko-pravovogo oborota [Property Rights as Objects of Civil Circulation]. Aktual'¬nye problemy grazhdanskogo prava: sb. st. – Current Problems of Civil Law: collection of articles. Vol. 6. Moscow, 2003. Pp. 101–136. (In Russ.).
24. Tsvetkov S. B. O sushchnosti i ponyatii grazh¬danskogo oborota [On the Nature and Concept of Civil Circulation]. Svoboda. Pravo. Rynok: materialy vseros. nauch. konf. "40 let Vol¬gogradskoy tsivilistike" (21–22 maya 2007 g.) [Freedom. Right. Market: Materials of the All-Russian Scientific Conf. "40 years of the Volgograd Civil Law" (May 21–22, 2007)]. Volgograd, 2007. Issue 5. Pp. 147–154. (In Russ.).
25. Chegovadze L. A. Struktura i sostoyanie grazhdanskogo pravootnosheniya [The Structure and State of Civil Law Relationship]. Moscow, 2004. 542 p. (In Russ.).
26. Shapovalova E. V. Grazhdansko-pravovye formy oborota informatsii: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk [Civil Law Forms of the Circulation of Information: Cand. of jurid. sci. diss.]. Moscow, 2008. 240 p. (In Russ.).
27. Shershenevich G. F. Uchebnik russkogo grazhdanskogo prava [Textbook on Russian Civil Law]. Moscow, 1995. 556 p. (In Russ.).
28. Ebzeev B. B. Grazhdanskiy oborot: ponyatie i yuridicheskaya priroda [Civil Circulation: the Concept and Legal Nature]. Gosudarstvo i pravo – State and Law. 1999. Issue 2. Pp. 32–38. (In Russ.).
29. Atiyah P. S. The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract. Oxford, 1985. 791 p. (In Eng.).
30. Barnett R. E. Conflicting Visions: A Critique of Ian Macneil's Relational Theory of Contract. Virginia Law Review. 1992. Vol. 78. Pp. 1175–1206. (In Eng.).
31. Bovis Ch. H. EU Public Procurement Law. Edward Elgar, 2007. 488 p. (In Eng.).
32. Bridge M. Personal Property Law. London. 1993. 152 p. (In Eng.).
33. Collins H. Regulating Contracts. Oxford, 2005. 304 p. (In Eng.).
34. Fried Ch. Contract as a Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation. Oxford, 2015. 200 p. (In Eng.).
35. Gilmore G. The Death of Contract. Ohio, 1995. 182 p. (In Eng.).
36. Golubtsov V. G., Kuznetsova O. A. Russian Federation as the Subject of the Civil Liability. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2013. No. 24(1). Pp. 31–34. (In Eng.). DOI: 10.5829/
idosi.wasj.2013.24.01.13177
37. Golubtsov V. G., Kuznetsova O. A. Russian Federation Participation in Private Law Relations. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (Special Issue of Politics and Law). 2013. Pp. 64–67. (In Eng.).
38. Herbots J. Contract Law in Belgium. Deventer, Boston. 1995. 181 p. (In Eng.).
39. Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts. Book 1. Allgemeiner Teil. 14, neubearb. Aufl. Munich, 1959. 440 p. (In Germ.).
40. Luhman N. Law as a Social System. Oxford, 2008. 258 p. (In Eng.).
41. Macneil I. Reflections on Relational Contract Theory after a neoclassical Seminar. Implicit Dimensions of Contract: Discrete, Relational and Network Contracts; ed. by D. Campbell, H. Collins, J. Wightman. Oxford, 2003.410 p. (In Eng.).
42. Mak C. General Principles of EU Civil Law. Common Market Law Review. Vol. 52, Issue 2. P. 591–592. (In Eng.).
43. Markesinis B. S., Lorenz W., Dannemann G. The German Law of Obligations. Vol. 1. The Law of Contract and Restitutions: A Comparative Introduction. Oxford. 1997. 487 p. (In Eng.).
44. Marsh P. D. V. Comparative Contract Law. England, France, Germany. Hampshire. 1996. 331 p. (In Eng.).
45. Nelson R. H. Zoning by Private Contract. Fall and Rise of Freedom of Contract; ed. by F. H. Buckley. Duke University Press, 1999. 461 p. (In Eng.).
46. Pescatore G. Die sogenannte alternative Obligation. Marburg, 1880. 280 p. (In Germ.).
47. Petersen L. L., Orgaard N. Danish Insolvency Law. Copenhagen, 1996. 94 p. (In Eng.).
48. Principles of European Contract Law. Part I and II; ed. by Ole Lando, Hugh Beale. The Hague, London, Boston. 2000. 83 p. (In Eng.).
49. Recht Des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches – Allgemeiner Teil. Sammlung Göschen, Berlin, 1920. 150 p. (In Germ.).
50. Samuel G., Rinkes J. The English law of obligations in comparative context. Nijmegen, 1991. 177 p. (In Eng.).
51. Snijders W. Lessons from St. Petersburg: Commerce and Civil Law. Review of Central and East European Law. Vol. 34. Issue 2. Pp. 107–117. (In Eng.).
52. Teubner G. Networks as Connected Contracts. Oxford, 2011. 360 p. (In Eng.).
53. Teubner G. Expertise as Social Institution: Internalising Third Parties into the Contract. Implicit Dimensions of Contract: Discrete, Relational and network Contracts; ed. by D. Camp¬bell, H. Collins, J. Wightman. Oxford, 2003. 363 p. (In Eng.).
54. Towards a European Civil Code; ed. by A. S. Hartkamp, M. W. Hesselink, E. H. Hon¬dius, C. E. du Perron, J. B. M. Vranken. Nijmegen. Dordrecht. Boston. London. 1994. 345 p. (In Eng.)
55. Zimmermann R. The Law of Obligations. Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition. Deventer, Boston, 1992. 246 p. (In Eng.).
56. Zimmermann E. "A New Spirit": the Social Question and Law in Argentina (1890–1930). Revista de Indias. 2013. Vol. 73. Issue 257. Pp. 81–105. (In Eng.).