Issue 4 (50) 2020

 

Perm University Herald. Juridical Sciences. 2020. Issue 4 (50)
Title: TECHNO-DETERMINISM IN PRIVATE LAW: INFLUENCE OF BIOPRINTING ON DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT OF PROTECTING THE RIGHT TO DIGITAL IMAGE
Authors:

D. E. Bogdanov, Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)

 This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ORCID: 0000-0002-9740-9923
 ResearcherID: P-9117-2015
Articles of «Scopus» & «Web of Science»:       ---
Requisites: Bogdanov D. E. Tekhno-determinizm v chastnom prave: vliyanie bioprintinga na razvitie kontseptsii zashhity prava na tsifrovoy obraz [Techno-Determinism in Private Law: Influence of Bioprinting on Developing the Concept of Protecting the Right to Digital Image]. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Juridicheskie nauki – Perm University Herald. Juridical Sciences. 2020. Issue 50. Pp. 678–704. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17072/1995-4190-2020-50-678-704
DOI: 10.17072/1995-4190-2020-50-678-704
Annotation:

 Introduction: the new technological revolution became a trigger in the development of the non-pecuniary benefits concept. In the context of digital transformation, personal privacy protection appears to be a serious problem. A person is found to be in a vulnerable position facing challenges of the new digital reality. This could be illustrated by the example of bioprinting since this technology is connected with digitalization of the human body and creation of its digital three-dimensional model. As a result, a person is becoming dependent on their three-dimensional digital embodiment in implementing their rights to life and health. Evolution in the concept of the right to personal image through recognition of the right to digital image appears as the private law response to the technological challenges. Purpose: to identify and analyze the major problems related to protection of the human right to digital image in bioprinting, as well as to determine an effective model of tort liability for encroachment on the personal digital image associated with the use of bioprinting technologies. Methods: dialectical, formal logical, functional, and other general scientific research methods, as well as special legal methods, including comparative legal and formal legal techniques. Results: the author has studied legal and philosophical problems associated with the bioprinting technology influence on the concept of protecting non-pecuniary benefits and its development; identified a trend associated with the evolution of the human right to digital image; considered the models of tort liability for encroachment on the personal digital image in European law in the comparative legal aspect; formulated prognostic conclusions concerning the model of liability for damage caused by violation of the right to digital image in Russian law. Conclusions: information about a person objectified in a digital three-dimensional model (CAD-file) deserves special protection. The possibility of access and use of such information about a person creates serious risks of causing damage to them. A person’s vulnerable position in bioprinting technologies indicates the need to recognize an absolute non-pecuniary right with a person to their digital image registered in the corresponding digital model (CAD-file). The philosophical and legal concept of human vulnerability serves as a theoretical foundation for the elaboration of solutions aimed at creating an efficient set of tools for protecting the human right to digital image. This concept was manifested in the European law in expanding the possibility of compensation for non-pecuniary damage, its presumption in case of encroachment on non-pecuniary benefits, as well as establishment of the no-fault liability standard. It is necessary to introduce in Russian legislation a special tort establishing the no-fault liability standard for damage caused by encroachment on a personal digital image. Presumption of moral damage in such encroachments, as well as the possibility of recovering exemplary damages from a delinquent, would correspond to the goals of general and special prevention.
Keywords: additive technologies; bioprinting; non-pecuniary benefit; digital image; vulnerability; responsibility; tort; fault; non-fault liability; non-pecuniary damage; exemplary damages
  download the full-version article
References: 1. Ayusheeva I. Z. Osushchestvlenie lichnykh neimushchestvennykh prav pri sozdanii bioprintnykh chelovecheskikh organov [Personal Non-Property Rights Arising in Human Organs Bioprinting]. Lex Russica. 2020. Issue 7. Pp. 24–33. (In Russ.).
2. Bagaturiya G. O. Perspektivy ispol'zovaniya 3D-pechati pri planirovanii khirurgicheskikh operatsiy [Prospects for the Use of 3D-Printing When Planning Surgery]. Meditsina: teoriya i praktika – Medicine: Theory and Practice. 2016. Issue 1. Pp. 26–35. (In Russ.).
3. Barinova S. G. Tekhnologicheskiy determinizm i tekhnologicheskiy tip determinatsii [Technological Determinism and Technological Type of Determination]. Vestnik KrasGAU - The Bulletin of KrasGAU. 2010. Issue 9. Pp. 195–201. (In Russ.).
4. Bogdanov E. V. Informatsiya kak ob"ekt grazhdanskikh pravootnosheniy [Information as an Object of Civil Relationships]. Grazhdanskoe pravo – Civil Law. 2018. Issue 5. Pp. 29–33. (In Russ.).
5. Bogdanova E.E. Pravovye problemy i riski geneticheskoy revolyutsii: geneticheskaya informatsiya i diskriminatsiya [Legal Problems and Risks of Genetic Revolution: Genetic Information and Discrimination]. Lex Russica. 2019. Issue 6. Pp. 18–29. (In Russ.).
6. Warkallo W. Otvetstvennost' po grazhdanskomu pravu. Vozmeshchenie vreda - funktsii, vidy, granitsy: Perevod s pol'skogo / per.: Zalesskiy V.V.; pod red. i so vstup. st.: Bratus' S.N. [Liability in Civil Law. Compensation for Harm - Functions, Types, Boundaries; transl. from Polish by V. V. Zalesskiy; ed. by S. N. Bratus']. Moscow, 1978. 328 p. (In Russ.).
7. Vorozhevich A. S. Zashchita narushennykh isklyuchitel'nykh prav na patentookhranyaemye ob"ekty v kontekste razvitiya kodifikatsii zakonodatel'stva ob intellektual'nykh pravakh [Protection of Infringed Exclusive Rights to Patent-Protected Objects in the Context of the Intellectual Property Legislation Codification Being Developed]. Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava – Civil Law Review. 2019. Issue 5. Pp. 161–185. (In Russ.).
8. Gorbatov R. O., Romanov A. D. Sozdanie organov i tkaney s pomoshch'yu biopechati [Bioprinting of Organs and Tissues]. Vestnik VolGMU – Journal of Volgograd State Medical University. 2017. Issue 3. Pp. 3–9. (In Russ.).
9. Kargal'skov D. S. Vzyskanie pribyli, poluchennoy pravonarushitelem: gollandskiy podkhod i odno opredelenie Verkhovnogo Suda RF [Recovery of Profits Received by the Offender: the Dutch Approach and One Ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation]. Vestnik ekonomicheskogo pravosudiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii – Herald of Economic Justice. 2019. Issue 1. Pp. 107–123. (In Russ.).
10. Kuznetsova O. V. Vozmeshchenie moral'nogo vreda: Prakticheskoe posobie [Compensation for Moral Damage: Practical Guide]. Moscow, 2009. 152 p. (In Russ.).
11. Maleina M. N. Pravo na taynu i neprikosnovennost' personal'nykh dannykh [The Right to Privacy and Inviolability of Personal Data]. Zhurnal rossiyskogo prava – Journal of Russian Law. 2010. Issue 11. Pp. 18–28. (In Russ.).
12. Maleina M. N. Pravo obuchayushchegosya i prepodavatelya na individual'nyy oblik [The Right of Students and Teachers to Individual Appearance]. Lex Russica. 2019. Issue 3. Pp. 24–33. (In Russ.).
13. Mironov V. A. Vsled za sozdatelem. Tekhnologii bioprintinga [Following the Creator. Bioprinting Technologies]. Nauka iz pervykh ruk – NAUKA iz pervykh ruk. 2013. Issue 4. Pp. 14–25. (In Russ.).
14. Mikhaylova I. A. Obyazatel'stva vsled-stvie prichineniya vreda zhizni ili zdorov'yu: Kommentariy k Postanovleniyu Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 26 yanvarya 2010 g. № 1 [Obligations Arising as a Result of Harm Caused to Life or Health: Comments to Resolution No. 1 of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of January 26, 2010]. Tsivilist – Civilian. 2010. Issue 4. Pp. 36–41. (In Russ.).
15. Nesmeyanova S. E., Kalinina E. G. Kontseptsiya uyazvimosti otdel'nykh grupp lits: Mezhdunarodnyy i natsional'nyy opyt ['Vulnerable Groups' Concept: International and National Approaches]. Rossiyskoe pravo: obrazovanie, praktika, nauka – Russian Law: Education, Practice, Research. 2017. Issue 4. Pp. 7–12. (In Russ.).
16. Novoselova L. A. Ispol'zovanie v meditsine tekhnologii ob"emnoy pechati (3D-pechati) s tochki zreniya avtorskogo prava [Application of 3D Printing in Medicine in Terms of Copyright]. Zakony Rossii: opyt, analiz, praktika – Laws of Russia: Experience, Analysis, Practice. 2019. Issue 10. Pp. 53–54. (In Russ.).
17. Orlov M. O. Mnogomernost' tsifrovoy sredy v obshchestve riska [Multidimensionality of the Digital Environment in a Risk Society]. Izvestiya Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaya seriya. Seriya: Filosofiya. Psikhologiya. Pedagogika – Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy. 2019. Issue 2. Pp. 155–161. (In Russ.).
18. Ocheretyanyy K. A. Bytie v tsifre: modusy tsifrovogo sushchestvovaniya [Being Digital: the Modes of Digital Existence]. Revolyutsiya i evolyutsiya: modeli razvitiya v nauke, kul'ture, obshchestve: Trudy II Vserossiyskoy nauchnoy konferentsii [Revolution and Evolution: Development Models in Science, Culture and Society: Proceedings of II All-Russian Scientific Conference]. 2019. Pp. 299–302. (In Russ.).
19. Romanets Yu. V. Vina kak osnovanie dukhovnoy i yuridicheskoy otvetstvennosti [Guilt as a Basis of Spiritual and Legal Liability]. Rossiyskaya Yustitsiya – Russian Justitia. 2011. Issue 4. Pp. 61–67. (In Russ.).
20. Ruzanova V. D. Pravo na zashchitu personal'nykh dannykh: grazhdansko-pravovoy aspekt [The Right to Personal Data Protection: a Civil Law Aspect]. Grazhdanskoe pravo – Civil Law. 2019. Issue 6. Pp. 17–20. (In Russ.).
21. Savel'ev A. I. Napravleniya regulirovaniya Bol'shikh dannykh i zashchita neprikosnovennosti chastnoy zhizni v novykh ekonomicheskikh realiyakh [Big Data Regulation and Privacy Protection Practices in New Economic Realities]. Zakon – ZAKON. 2018. Issue 5. Pp. 122–144. (In Russ.).
22. Soldatchenko A. L. Realizatsiya printsipov kontinual'nogo podkhoda v issledovaniyakh sotsial'noy zrelosti lichnosti [Realization of the Continuous Approach Principles in Research into Social Maturity]. Sibirskiy pedagogicheskiy zhurnal - Siberian Pedagogical Journal. 2010. Issue 12. Pp. 109–117. (In Russ.).
23. Solomeina E. Raspredelenie bremeni dokazyvaniya po delam o kompensatsii moral'nogo vreda [Distribution of the Burden of Proof in Cases of Compensation for Moral Damage]. Arbitrazhnyy i grazhdanskiy protsess – Arbitrazh and Civil Procedure. 2008. Issue 8. Pp. 24–26. (In Russ.).
24. Tarabanov N. A., Gizbrekht E. S. Ratsional'nost' v nauke i religii: interval'no-kontinual'nyy podkhod [Rationality in Science and Religion: Interval-Continual Approach]. Antinomii – Antinomies. 2018. Issue 4. Pp. 21–34. (In Russ.).
25. Khesuani Yu. D., Sergeeva N. S., Miro-nov V. A., Mustafin A. G., Kaprin A. D. Vvedenie v 3D-bioprinting: istoriya formirovaniya napravleniya, printsipy i etapy biopechati [Introduction to 3D-Bioprinting: the History, Principles and Stages]. Geny i kletki – Genes and Cells. 2018. Issue 3. Pp. 38–45. (In Russ.).
26. Shebanova N. A. Sovremennyy vneshniy oblik individuuma: svoboden li vybor? [Modern Appearance of the Individual: Is the Choice Free?]. Trudy Instituta gosudarstva i prava RAN – Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS. 2017. Issue 4. Pp. 176–196. (In Russ.).
27. Shok budushchego: per. s angl. / E. Toffler [Shock of the Future: transl. from English; A. Toffler]. Moscow, 2002. 557 p. (In Russ.).
28. Erdelevskiy A. M. O prezumptsii prichineniya moral'nogo vreda [On the Presumption of Causing Moral Damage]. Khozyaystvo i pravo – Business and Law. 2017. Issue 11. Pp. 102–108. (In Russ.).
29. Yakovleva E. A. Povedencheskaya ekonomika kak oblast' nauchnogo znaniya v sovremennoy ekonomicheskoy nauke [Behavioral Economics as a Field of Scientific Knowledge in Modern Economics]. Voprosy regulirovaniya ekonomiki – Journal of Economic Regulation. 2014. Vol. 5. Issue 2. Pp. 62–69. (In Russ.).
30. Ajunwa I. Genetic Testing Meets Big Data: Tort and Contract Law Issues. Ohio State Law Journal. 2014. Vol. 75. Issue 6. Pp. 1225–1262. (In Eng.).
31. Ammar J. Defective Computer-Aided Design Software Liability in 3D Bioprinted Human Organ Equivalents. Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal. 2019. Vol. 35. Issue 3. Pp. 37–67. (In Eng.).
32. Balkin J. M. Information Fiduciaries and the First Amendment (February 3, 2016). UC Davis Law Review. 2016. Vol. 49. Issue 4. Yale Law School, Public Law Research Paper No. 553. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2675270. (In Eng.).
33. Barnett K., Harder S. Disgorgement of Gains and 'Reasonable Fee' Damages. Remedies in Australian Private Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Pp. 431–468. DOI:10.1017/9781108265188.024. (In Eng.).
34. Barocas S., Selbst A.D. Big Data's Disparate Impact (2016). California Law Review. 2016. Vol. 104. Pp. 671–732. Available at: https://ssrn. com/abstract=2477899; http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.2477899. (In Eng.).
35. Benatti F. Danno all'immagine. Digesto Civile. Torino: UTET, 2011. Vol. VI. Pp. 275–279. (In Ital.).
36. Bergmann S. Publicity Rights in the United States and Germany: A Comparative Analysis. Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal. 1999. Vol. 19. Pp. 479–480. (In Eng.).
37. Brean D. H. Patent Enforcement in Cyberterritories (April 12, 2018). Cardozo Law Review. 2019. Vol. 40. Available at: https://ssrn.com/ abstract=3161823. (In Eng.).
38. Calo R. Digital Market Manipulation (August 15, 2013). George Washington Law Review. 2014. Vol. 82. Issue 4. Pp. 995-1051. University of Washington School of Law Research Paper No. 2013-27. Available at: https://ssrn.com/ abstract=2309703; http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn. 2309703. (In Eng.).
39. Calo R. Privacy, Vulnerability, and Affordance. DePaul Law Review. 2017. Vol. 66. Pp. 591–604. (In Eng.).
40. Castells M. The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture. Wiley, 2010. 597 p. (In Eng.).
41. Di Ciommo F. Privacy in Europe After Regulation (EU) No 2016/679: What Will Remain of the Right to Be Forgotten? The Italian Law Journal. 2017. Vol. 3. Issue 2. Pp. 623–646. (In Eng.).
42. Dobrinskaya D. E., Martynenko T. S. Defining the Digital Divide in Russia: Key Features and Trends Monitoring. Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes. 2019. Vol. 153. Issue 5. Pp. 100–119. (In Eng.).
43. Englard I. The Philosophy of Tort Law. Dartmouth Pub Co., 1993. 254 p. (In Eng.).
44. Fletcher G. P. Fairness and Utility in Tort Theory. Harvard Law Review. 1972. Vol. 85. Issue 3. Pp. 537–573. Available at: https://scholar¬ship. law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/1024. (In Eng.).
45. Gajda A. What If Samuel D. Warren Hadn't Married a Senator's Daughter? Uncovering the Press Coverage that Led to the Right to Privacy. Michigan State Law Review. 2008. Vol. 35. Pp. 35–59. (In Eng.).
46. Gatt L. Preface. The Contradictions of the Privacy Law. European Journal of Privacy Law & Technologies. 2020. Special Issue. Pp. VII–X. (In Eng.).
47. Geistfeld M. The Coherence of Compensation-Deterrence Theory in Tort Law (July 12, 2013). DePaul Law Review. 2012. Vol. 61. NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 13-38. NYU Law and Economics Research Paper No. 1322. Available at: https://ssrn.com/ab¬stract=2293124. (In Eng.).
48. Gilead I. On the Justifications of Strict Liability. European Tort Law 2004 (Helmut Koziol & Barbara.C. Steininger eds.). 2005. Pp. 28–49. Available at: https://ssrn.com/ab¬stract= 2489685. (In Eng.).
49. Keating G.C. Distributive and Corrective Justice in the Tort Law of Accidents. Southern California Law Review. 2000. Vol. 74. Issue 1. Pp. 193–224. (In Eng.).
50. Knetsch J. The Compensation of Non-Pecuniary Loss in GDPR Infringement. European Journal of Privacy Law & Technologies. 2020. Special Issue. Pp. 63–70. (In Eng.).
51. Koziol H. Punitive Damages – A European Perspective. Louisiana Law Review. 2008. Vol. 68. Pp. 741–764. (In Eng.).
52. Lane J., Stodden V., Bender S., Nissenbaum H. Privacy, Big Data and the Public Good: Frameworks for Engagement. Cambridge University Press, 2014. 344 p. (In Eng.).
53. Lindenfeld E. 3D Printing of Medical Devices: CAD Designers as the Most Realistic Target for Strict, Product Liability Lawsuits. University of Missouri-Kansas City Law Review. 2016. Vol. 85. Issue 1. Pp. 79–103. (In Eng.).
54. Logeais E., Schroeder J.-B. The French Right of Image: An Ambiguous Concept Protecting the Human Persona. The Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal. 1998. Vol. 18. (In Eng.).
55. Luna F. Elucidating the Concept of Vulnerability: Layers not Labels. International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics. 2009. Vol. 2 (1). Pp. 121–139. (In Eng.).
56. Malgieri G., Niklas J. Vulnerable Data Subjects. Computer Law & Security Review. 2020. Vol. 37. Article 105415. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920300200. (In Eng.).
57. Magnus U. Damages for Non-Pecuniary Loss in German Contract and Tort Law. The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law. 2015. Vol. 3. Issue 2. Pp. 289–307. Available at: https://doi.org/ 10.1093/cjcl/cxv011. (In Eng.).
58. Markel D. Retributive Damages: A The¬ory of Punitive Damages as Intermediate Sanction (February 3, 2009). Cornell Law Review. 2009. Vol. 94. Pp. 239–340. Available at: https://ssrn. com/abstract=991865. (In Eng.).
59. Menezes C. A. Civil Liability for Pro-ces¬sing of Personal Data in the GDPR. European Data Protection Law Review. 2019. Vol. 5. Issue 4. Pp. 492–499. (In Eng.).
60. Ochara N.M. The Nature of Digital Transformation. 2016. Available at: https://ssrn. com/abstract=2804294. (In Eng.).
61. O'Dell E. Compensation for Breach of the General Data Protection Regulation (June 25, 2017). Dublin University Law Journal. 2017. Vol. 40 (1). (ns) 97–164. Available at: https://ssrn. com/abstract=2992351. (In Eng.).
62. Osborn L. Regulating Three-Dimensional Printing: The Converging Worlds of Bits and Atoms (July 20, 2013). San Diego Law Review. 2014. Vol. 51. Pp. 553–621. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2348894. (In Eng.).
63. Palmer V. (ed.). The Recovery of Non-Pecuniary Loss in European Contract Law (The Common Core of European Private Law). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. 534 p. (In Eng.).
64. Polito P. The Protection of Our Image: Between the Right to One's Own Image and the Right of Publicity. The Italian Law Journal. 2018. Special Issue. Pp. 69–81. (In Eng.).
65. Reiter E. H. Personality and Patrimony: Comparative Perspectives on the Right to One's Image (2001-2002). Tulane Law Review. 2002. Vol. 76. Pp. 673–726. (In Eng.).
66. Ruda-Gonzalez A. Liability for the Unauthorized Use of Personal Data in Social Networks: the Case for Collective Redress. European Journal of Privacy Law & Technologies. 2020. Special Issue. Pp. 80–92. (In Eng.).
67. Rushkoff D. Present Shock: When Everything Happens Now. Penguin, 2013. 296 p. (In Eng.).
68. Strugała R. Art. 82 GDPR: Strict Liability or Liability Based on Fault? European Journal of Privacy Law & Technologies. 2020. Special Issue. Pp. 71–79. (In Eng.).
69. Van Dam C. European Tort Law. Oxford University Press, 2013. 656 p. (In Eng.).
70. Venchiarutti A. The Recognition of Punitive Damages in Italy: A Commentary on Cass Sez Un 5 July 2017, 16601, AXO Sport, SpA v NOSA Inc. Journal of European Tort Law. 2018. Vol. 9. Issue 1. Pp. 104–122. (In Eng.).
71. Warren S.D., Brandeis L. D. The Right to Privacy. Harvard Law Review. 1890. Vol. 5. Pp. 193–220. (In Eng.).
72. Webster F. Theories of the Information Society. Psychology Press, 2002. 304 p. (In Eng.).
73. Whistler J. McNeill. Eden versus Whistler: The Baronet & the Butterfly: a Valentine with a Verdict (Classic Reprint). FB&C Limited, 2015. 114 р. (In Eng.).
Received: 20.08.2020
Financing: Acknowledgments: The reported study was funded by RFBR, project No. 18-29-14027 mk 'The concept of legal regulation of relations in genomic research on creation and use of bioprinted human organs'

 

0000-0002-9740-9923

The Perm State University
614068, Perm, street Bukireva, 15 (Faculty of Law), +7 (342) 2 396 275
vesturn@yandex.ru
ISSN 1995-4190 ISSN (eng.) 2618-8104
ISSN (online) 2658-7106
DOI 10.17072/1995-4190
(с) Editorial board, 2010
The magazine is registered in Federal Agency of supervision in sphere of communication and mass communications.
The certificate on registration of mass media ПИ № ФС77-33087 from September, 5th, 2008
The certificate on reregistration of mass media ПИ № ФС77-53189 from Marth, 14th, 2013

The magazine is included in List ВАК and in the Russian index of scientific citing

The founder & Publisher: the State educational institution of the higher training
“The Perm State University”.
Publishing 4 times a year